In contrast to classical theory, quantum theory has the remarkable property that the state space of every system has continuously many pure states. These are states that can be seen as states of ...

Probability theory has long provided a rigorous framework for quantifying uncertainty, yet its extension to infinite sets introduces profound conceptual challenges and opportunities. Contemporary ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract It is shown that quantum mechanics cannot be formulated as a stochastic theory involving a probability distribution function of position and ...

HALF a century of research has shown that people do not always follow the “rational” rules of classical probability theory when making decisions, particularly under conditions of uncertainty.

For all the deference to “laws” of nature that supposedly govern everything that happens, the truth is that randomness rules the world. Everywhere you look, randomness is at work, in all the processes ...

The conjunction and disjunction fallacies are famous for revealing the limits of human reasoning about probability. This can be measured by telling people a short story about a character and then ...

Classical probability theory assumes an equal likelihood for all outcomes. For example, if you were to flip a coin, there's an equal change of it landing on "heads" or "tails." Microsoft Excel offers ...